Human Body Nutrition Diseases Most Important For BPSC PT -

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Table of Contents ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Introduction
Body Overview (मानव शरीर का परिचय)
Levels of Organization
Important Abbreviations
Major Organ Systems
Nutrition (पोषण)
Balanced Diet
Types of Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Digestive System (पाचन तंत्र)
Digestive Enzymes
Blood (रक्त)
Blood Groups
Heart (हृदय)
Circulatory System (रक्त परिसंचरण तंत्र)
Respiratory System (श्वसन तंत्र)
Excretory System (उत्सर्जन तंत्र)
Nervous System (तंत्रिका तंत्र)
Brain and Neuron
Reflex Action
Endocrine System (अंतःस्रावी तंत्र)
Important Hormones
Immunity (प्रतिरक्षा)
Vaccination (टीकाकरण)
Human Diseases (मानव रोग)
Deficiency Diseases
Communicable Diseases
Non-Communicable Diseases
Vector-Borne Diseases
Important Scientists & Discoveries
BPSC PT Important Facts
Key Points for Revision
Quick Revision (One-Liners)
BPSC PT Practice MCQs (1–100)
Previous Year Questions (PYQs)
HOTS Questions
Assertion & Reason Questions
Match the Following
Expected Questions for BPSC PT
Rapid Revision Table
Memory Tricks
Final Revision Sheet
BPSC PT Preparation Tips
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Conclusion (English)
निष्कर्ष (हिंदी)

Important Abbreviations ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Abbreviation	Full Form
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA	Ribonucleic Acid
RBC	Red Blood Cell
WBC	White Blood Cell
ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate
BMI	Body Mass Index
WHO	World Health Organization
UNICEF	United Nations Children’s Fund
BMR	Basal Metabolic Rate
Hb	Hemoglobin

Introduction ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

The human body is one of the most complex biological systems. It consists of trillions of cells working together to perform various life processes such as digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, reproduction, and coordination. ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

मानव शरीर प्रकृति की सबसे जटिल जैविक संरचनाओं में से एक है। यह खरबों कोशिकाओं से मिलकर बना है जो मिलकर पाचन, श्वसन, रक्त संचार, उत्सर्जन, प्रजनन तथा नियंत्रण जैसी जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ संपन्न करती हैं।

Human Body Overview ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Feature	Details
Basic Unit	Cell (कोशिका)
Tissue	समान कोशिकाओं का समूह
Organ	विभिन्न ऊतकों से बना अंग
Organ System	कई अंग मिलकर एक तंत्र बनाते हैं
Organism	सम्पूर्ण मानव शरीर

Levels of Organization ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Cell (कोशिका)

English: Cell is the structural and functional unit of life.

Hindi: कोशिका जीवन की संरचनात्मक एवं क्रियात्मक इकाई है।

Tissue (ऊतक)

A group of similar cells performing a common function.

समान कार्य करने वाली समान कोशिकाओं के समूह को ऊतक कहते हैं।

Organ (अंग)

Two or more tissues together form an organ.

दो या अधिक ऊतक मिलकर एक अंग बनाते हैं।

Examples:

Heart (हृदय)
Kidney (गुर्दा)
Liver (यकृत)
Brain (मस्तिष्क)

Organ System (अंग तंत्र)

Many organs work together to perform a particular function.

अनेक अंग मिलकर एक विशेष कार्य करने के लिए अंग तंत्र बनाते हैं।

Major Organ Systems ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Organ System	Main Function
Digestive System	Digestion of food
Respiratory System	Exchange of gases
Circulatory System	Transport of materials
Nervous System	Control & Coordination
Excretory System	Removal of wastes
Reproductive System	Reproduction
Endocrine System	Hormonal regulation
Skeletal System	Support & Protection
Muscular System	Movement

Nutrition (पोषण) ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Definition

English: Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain and utilize food for growth, energy, repair, and maintenance.

Hindi: पोषण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा जीव भोजन प्राप्त कर उसे ऊर्जा, वृद्धि, मरम्मत एवं शरीर के रख-रखाव के लिए उपयोग करता है।

Types of Nutrients ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

The human body requires six essential nutrients.

मानव शरीर को छह प्रमुख पोषक तत्वों की आवश्यकता होती है।

Nutrient	Main Function
Carbohydrates	Energy
Proteins	Growth & Repair
Fats	Energy Storage
Vitamins	Protection & Regulation
Minerals	Body Functions
Water	Transport & Temperature Regulation

Balanced Diet (संतुलित आहार)

A balanced diet contains all nutrients in the correct proportion.

संतुलित आहार वह है जिसमें सभी पोषक तत्व उचित मात्रा में उपस्थित हों।

Components

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Dietary Fibre

Carbohydrates ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

English

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy.

Hindi

कार्बोहाइड्रेट शरीर को ऊर्जा प्रदान करने वाला मुख्य पोषक तत्व है।

Examples

Rice
Wheat
Potato
Maize

Proteins

Proteins are body-building nutrients.

प्रोटीन शरीर की वृद्धि एवं क्षतिग्रस्त ऊतकों की मरम्मत करते हैं।

Sources

Milk
Egg
Fish
Soybean
Pulses

Fats ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Fats store energy and protect internal organs.

वसा ऊर्जा का भंडारण करती है तथा आंतरिक अंगों की सुरक्षा करती है।

Sources

Butter
Ghee
Oil
Dry Fruits

Vitamins ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Vitamins are protective nutrients required in small quantities.

विटामिन शरीर को रोगों से बचाते हैं तथा विभिन्न जैविक क्रियाओं का नियमन करते हैं।

Vitamin	Source	Deficiency Disease
A	Carrot, Mango	Night Blindness
B1	Whole grains	Beriberi
B2	Milk	Cheilosis
B3	Groundnut	Pellagra
B6	Cereals	Anaemia (certain types)
B9	Green leafy vegetables	Megaloblastic Anaemia
B12	Meat, Milk	Pernicious Anaemia
C	Lemon, Orange	Scurvy
D	Sunlight, Fish	Rickets
E	Vegetable Oil	Muscle Weakness (rare)
K	Green Vegetables	Delayed Blood Clotting

Minerals ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Mineral	Function	Deficiency
Calcium	Bones & Teeth	Weak Bones
Iron	Hemoglobin	Anaemia
Iodine	Thyroid Hormone	Goitre
Phosphorus	Bones	Weak Bones
Sodium	Fluid Balance	Muscle Problems
Potassium	Nerve Function	Muscle Weakness

Important Facts for BPSC PT

The largest organ of the human body is Skin.
The largest internal organ is Liver.
The hardest substance is Tooth Enamel.
The longest bone is Femur.
The smallest bone is Stapes.
The largest gland is Liver.
The master gland is Pituitary Gland.
The largest endocrine gland is Thyroid Gland.
The functional unit of kidney is Nephron.
The functional unit of the nervous system is Neuron.

Key Points (Revision)

Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
Human body has multiple organ systems working together.
Six essential nutrients are required for good health.
Balanced diet contains all nutrients in correct proportion.
Vitamin D deficiency causes Rickets.
Vitamin C deficiency causes Scurvy.
Iron deficiency causes Anaemia.
Iodine deficiency causes Goitre.
Liver is the largest internal organ.
Skin is the largest organ of the body.

Quick Revision (One-Liners)

Basic unit of life → Cell
Body-building nutrient → Protein
Energy-giving nutrient → Carbohydrate
Energy reserve → Fat
Largest gland → Liver
Largest bone → Femur
Smallest bone → Stapes
Functional unit of kidney → Nephron
Functional unit of nervous system → Neuron
Master gland → Pituitary

Digestive System (पाचन तंत्र)

Definition

English: The digestive system breaks down food into simple absorbable nutrients.

Hindi: पाचन तंत्र भोजन को सरल पोषक तत्वों में बदलता है ताकि शरीर उन्हें अवशोषित कर सके।

Parts of Digestive System ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Organ	Main Function
Mouth	Chewing and mixing food with saliva
Pharynx	Passage of food
Oesophagus	Carries food to stomach
Stomach	Digestion of proteins
Small Intestine	Complete digestion and absorption
Large Intestine	Water absorption
Rectum	Storage of faeces
Anus	Elimination of waste

Digestive Glands ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Gland	Function
Salivary Glands	Saliva secretion
Liver	Produces bile
Gall Bladder	Stores bile
Pancreas	Produces digestive enzymes

Important Digestive Enzymes

Enzyme	Secreted By	Acts On
Ptyalin (Salivary Amylase)	Saliva	Starch
Pepsin	Stomach	Protein
Trypsin	Pancreas	Protein
Lipase	Pancreas	Fat
Maltase	Small Intestine	Maltose

Important Facts ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Digestion begins in the mouth.
Protein digestion begins in the stomach.
Most digestion occurs in the small intestine.
Absorption of nutrients mainly takes place in the small intestine.
The liver is the largest internal organ and largest gland.
Bile juice contains no digestive enzyme; it emulsifies fats.

Blood (रक्त) ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Definition

Blood is a fluid connective tissue.

रक्त एक तरल संयोजी ऊतक (Fluid Connective Tissue) है।

Components of Blood

Component	Function
Plasma	Transports nutrients, hormones and wastes
RBC	Carries oxygen
WBC	Fights infections
Platelets	Blood clotting

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Produced in Red Bone Marrow.
Contain Hemoglobin.
Average life span: 120 days.
Mature human RBCs do not have a nucleus.

Hindi: लाल रक्त कणिकाएँ ऑक्सीजन का परिवहन करती हैं तथा इनमें हीमोग्लोबिन पाया जाता है।

White Blood Cells (WBC)

Protect the body from diseases.
Also called Soldiers of the Body.

श्वेत रक्त कणिकाएँ शरीर की रक्षा करती हैं।

Platelets ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Responsible for blood clotting.

रक्त का थक्का जमाने का कार्य प्लेटलेट्स करते हैं।

Blood Groups ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Blood Group	Can Donate To	Can Receive From
A	A, AB	A, O
B	B, AB	B, O
AB	AB	All
O	All	O

Rh Factor

Positive Rh
Negative Rh

Heart (हृदय) ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

The heart is a muscular pumping organ.

हृदय एक पेशीय पम्प है जो पूरे शरीर में रक्त प्रवाहित करता है।

Important Facts ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Located slightly towards the left side.
Size is approximately equal to a closed fist.
Four chambers:
- Right Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Left Atrium
- Left Ventricle

Heart Valves

Prevent backward flow of blood.

वाल्व रक्त को पीछे लौटने से रोकते हैं।

Pacemaker

The natural pacemaker of the heart is the SA Node (Sinoatrial Node).

Circulatory System (रक्त परिसंचरण तंत्र)

The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body.

रक्त परिसंचरण तंत्र पूरे शरीर में ऑक्सीजन, पोषक तत्व तथा हार्मोन पहुँचाता है।

Blood Vessels

Vessel	Function
Artery	Carries blood away from heart
Vein	Carries blood towards heart
Capillary	Exchange of materials

Differences

Artery	Vein
Thick walls	Thin walls
High pressure	Low pressure
Usually oxygenated blood	Usually deoxygenated blood
No valves	Valves present

Double Circulation

Humans have double circulation, consisting of:

Pulmonary Circulation
Systemic Circulation

Respiratory System (श्वसन तंत्र)

Definition

Respiration is the process of taking oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

श्वसन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें ऑक्सीजन ली जाती है तथा कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड बाहर निकाली जाती है।

Respiratory Organs

Organ	Function
Nose	Filters air
Pharynx	Passage
Larynx	Voice box
Trachea	Windpipe
Bronchi	Carry air
Lungs	Gas exchange
Alveoli	Exchange of gases

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs.
Main site of gaseous exchange.
Increase surface area.

Important Facts ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Right lung has 3 lobes.
Left lung has 2 lobes.
Diaphragm is the main breathing muscle.

Excretory System (उत्सर्जन तंत्र)

Definition

Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes.

उत्सर्जन शरीर से अपशिष्ट पदार्थों को बाहर निकालने की प्रक्रिया है।

Organs

Organ	Function
Kidney	Filters blood
Ureter	Carries urine
Urinary Bladder	Stores urine
Urethra	Removes urine

Kidney

Bean-shaped organ.
One pair in humans.
Filters blood continuously.

Nephron

The structural and functional unit of the kidney is Nephron.

Composition of Urine

Water
Urea
Uric Acid
Mineral Salts

Dialysis

Artificial purification of blood is called Dialysis.

जब गुर्दे सही ढंग से कार्य नहीं करते तब कृत्रिम रूप से रक्त शुद्ध करने की प्रक्रिया डायलिसिस कहलाती है।

Important Diseases Related to These Systems

Disease	Cause
Anaemia	Iron deficiency
Hypertension	High blood pressure
Coronary Artery Disease	Blockage in arteries
Asthma	Narrowing of airways
Pneumonia	Lung infection
Tuberculosis	Bacterial infection
Kidney Stone	Mineral deposition
Kidney Failure	Loss of kidney function

BPSC PT Important Facts

Largest gland → Liver
Longest part of digestive canal → Small Intestine
Largest artery → Aorta
Largest vein → Inferior Vena Cava
Universal donor → O Negative
Universal recipient → AB Positive
Blood bank of body → Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ → Spleen
Voice box → Larynx
Windpipe → Trachea
Functional unit of lung → Alveolus
Functional unit of kidney → Nephron

Key Points for Revision

Digestion starts in the mouth.
Protein digestion starts in the stomach.
Maximum digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.
Liver produces bile but does not store it.
Gall bladder stores bile.
RBC carries oxygen.
WBC provides immunity.
Platelets help in blood clotting.
Human heart has four chambers.
Humans have double circulation.
Alveoli are the sites of gaseous exchange.
Kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes.
Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

Quick Revision (One-Liners)

Largest internal organ → Liver
Largest gland → Liver
Blood clotting → Platelets
Oxygen carrier → RBC
Defence cell → WBC
Natural pacemaker → SA Node
Functional unit of kidney → Nephron
Functional unit of lung → Alveolus
Universal donor → O Negative
Universal recipient → AB Positive

Nervous System (तंत्रिका तंत्र)

The nervous system controls and coordinates all activities of the body by receiving, processing, and transmitting information through nerve impulses.

तंत्रिका तंत्र शरीर की सभी क्रियाओं का नियंत्रण एवं समन्वय करता है। यह तंत्रिका आवेगों (Nerve Impulses) के माध्यम से संदेशों का आदान-प्रदान करता है।

Main Parts of Nervous System

Part	Function
Central Nervous System (CNS)	Control and coordination
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)	Connects CNS with body organs
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)	Controls involuntary actions

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The CNS consists of:

Brain
Spinal Cord

केन्द्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (CNS) में मस्तिष्क एवं मेरुरज्जु शामिल होते हैं।

Brain (मस्तिष्क) ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

The brain is the control centre of the human body.

मस्तिष्क मानव शरीर का नियंत्रण केंद्र है।

Parts of Brain ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Part	Function
Cerebrum	Intelligence, memory, thinking
Cerebellum	Balance and coordination
Medulla Oblongata	Controls heartbeat and breathing

Important Facts

Largest part of brain → Cerebrum
Balance of body → Cerebellum
Controls involuntary actions → Medulla Oblongata

Spinal Cord (मेरुरज्जु)

The spinal cord carries messages between the brain and body.

मेरुरज्जु मस्तिष्क एवं शरीर के बीच संदेशों का संचार करती है।

Neuron (तंत्रिका कोशिका)

Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

न्यूरॉन तंत्रिका तंत्र की संरचनात्मक एवं क्रियात्मक इकाई है।

Parts of Neuron

Dendrite
Cell Body
Axon

Reflex Action (प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया)

A reflex action is a quick and automatic response to a stimulus.

प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया किसी उद्दीपन के प्रति तीव्र एवं स्वतः होने वाली प्रतिक्रिया है।

Example

Hand withdrawal from hot object.
Eye blinking.

Endocrine System (अंतःस्रावी तंत्र)

The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood.

अंतःस्रावी तंत्र में नलिकाविहीन ग्रंथियाँ होती हैं जो हार्मोन सीधे रक्त में छोड़ती हैं।

Hormone (हार्मोन)

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands.

हार्मोन रासायनिक संदेशवाहक होते हैं जो शरीर की विभिन्न क्रियाओं को नियंत्रित करते हैं।

Important Endocrine Glands

Gland	Hormone	Function
Pituitary	Growth Hormone	Growth and control of other glands
Thyroid	Thyroxine	Metabolism
Parathyroid	Parathormone	Calcium regulation
Pancreas	Insulin	Controls blood sugar
Adrenal	Adrenaline	Emergency response
Testis	Testosterone	Male characters
Ovary	Estrogen & Progesterone	Female characters

Pituitary Gland

Known as the Master Gland because it controls other endocrine glands.

पिट्यूटरी ग्रंथि को मास्टर ग्रंथि कहा जाता है।

Thyroid Gland

Located in the neck.

Produces Thyroxine.

Requires iodine for hormone production.

आयोडीन की कमी से Goitre (घेंघा) रोग होता है।

Pancreas

Produces Insulin.

Insulin regulates blood glucose level.

Insulin की कमी से Diabetes Mellitus होता है।

Adrenal Gland

Produces Adrenaline.

Also called the Emergency Hormone.

Reproductive Hormones

Hormone	Function
Testosterone	Male secondary sexual characters
Estrogen	Female secondary sexual characters
Progesterone	Maintains pregnancy

Immunity (प्रतिरक्षा)

Immunity is the ability of the body to resist diseases.

प्रतिरक्षा शरीर की रोगों से लड़ने की क्षमता है।

Types of Immunity

Type	Description
Natural Immunity	Present by birth
Acquired Immunity	Develops after infection or vaccination

Vaccination (टीकाकरण)

Vaccination stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against diseases.

टीकाकरण शरीर में रोगों के विरुद्ध प्रतिरक्षा विकसित करता है।

Vaccine and Disease ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Vaccine	Disease Prevented
BCG	Tuberculosis
OPV	Polio
DPT	Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
MMR	Measles, Mumps, Rubella
Hepatitis-B	Hepatitis B
HPV	Cervical Cancer Prevention

Human Diseases (मानव रोग)

Deficiency Diseases

Disease	Cause
Night Blindness	Vitamin A deficiency
Beriberi	Vitamin B1 deficiency
Pellagra	Vitamin B3 deficiency
Scurvy	Vitamin C deficiency
Rickets	Vitamin D deficiency
Goitre	Iodine deficiency
Anaemia	Iron deficiency

Communicable Diseases ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Disease	Causative Organism
Tuberculosis	Bacteria
Typhoid	Bacteria
Cholera	Bacteria
Malaria	Protozoa
Dengue	Virus
Chikungunya	Virus
Rabies	Virus
COVID-19	Virus

Non-Communicable Diseases

Diabetes Mellitus
Hypertension
Cancer
Heart Disease
Obesity
Osteoporosis

Vector-Borne Diseases

Disease	Vector
Malaria	Female Anopheles Mosquito
Dengue	Aedes Mosquito
Chikungunya	Aedes Mosquito
Filariasis	Culex Mosquito
Kala-azar	Sandfly

Important Scientists

Scientist	Contribution
Edward Jenner	Smallpox Vaccine
Louis Pasteur	Rabies Vaccine
Alexander Fleming	Discovery of Penicillin
Robert Koch	Tuberculosis Bacterium
Ronald Ross	Malaria Transmission

BPSC PT Important Facts

Functional unit of nervous system → Neuron
Largest part of brain → Cerebrum
Balance maintained by → Cerebellum
Involuntary actions controlled by → Medulla Oblongata
Master gland → Pituitary
Emergency hormone → Adrenaline
Blood sugar regulating hormone → Insulin
Metabolism regulating hormone → Thyroxine
Goitre occurs due to → Iodine deficiency
Diabetes occurs due to → Insulin deficiency
BCG vaccine prevents → Tuberculosis
OPV prevents → Polio
Female Anopheles mosquito spreads → Malaria
Aedes mosquito spreads → Dengue and Chikungunya

Quick Revision ( Human Body Nutrition Diseases )

Brain = Control Centre
Neuron = Functional Unit of Nervous System
Reflex Action = Spinal Cord
Master Gland = Pituitary
Largest Endocrine Gland = Thyroid
Emergency Hormone = Adrenaline
Blood Sugar Hormone = Insulin
Iodine Deficiency = Goitre
Vitamin D Deficiency = Rickets
Vitamin C Deficiency = Scurvy
Iron Deficiency = Anaemia
BCG = Tuberculosis
OPV = Polio
MMR = Measles, Mumps & Rubella

BPSC PT Practice MCQs (1–50)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The structural and functional unit of the human body is:
मानव शरीर की संरचनात्मक एवं क्रियात्मक इकाई है—

A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Neuron

Answer: C. Cell

2. Which is the largest organ of the human body?
मानव शरीर का सबसे बड़ा अंग कौन-सा है?

A. Liver
B. Brain
C. Skin
D. Lung

Answer: C. Skin

3. The largest internal organ is:
मानव शरीर का सबसे बड़ा आंतरिक अंग है—

A. Kidney
B. Liver
C. Brain
D. Heart

Answer: B. Liver

4. The functional unit of the kidney is:
गुर्दे की क्रियात्मक इकाई है—

A. Neuron
B. Alveolus
C. Nephron
D. Villi

Answer: C. Nephron

5. Digestion begins in the:
पाचन की शुरुआत कहाँ से होती है?

A. Stomach
B. Mouth
C. Small Intestine
D. Oesophagus

Answer: B. Mouth

6. Protein digestion starts in the:
प्रोटीन का पाचन प्रारम्भ होता है—

A. Mouth
B. Stomach
C. Small Intestine
D. Large Intestine

Answer: B. Stomach

7. Maximum absorption of digested food occurs in:
भोजन का अधिकतम अवशोषण होता है—

A. Large Intestine
B. Stomach
C. Small Intestine
D. Rectum

Answer: C. Small Intestine

8. Which gland secretes bile?
पित्त रस का निर्माण किस ग्रंथि में होता है?

A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Thyroid
D. Pituitary

Answer: B. Liver

9. Bile is stored in the:
पित्त का संग्रह होता है—

A. Kidney
B. Gall Bladder
C. Pancreas
D. Stomach

Answer: B. Gall Bladder

10. The oxygen-carrying pigment is:
ऑक्सीजन वहन करने वाला वर्णक है—

A. Chlorophyll
B. Hemoglobin
C. Melanin
D. Keratin

Answer: B. Hemoglobin

11. RBC is produced in:

A. Liver
B. Bone Marrow
C. Spleen
D. Kidney

Answer: B. Bone Marrow

12. The average lifespan of RBC is:

A. 90 Days
B. 100 Days
C. 120 Days
D. 150 Days

Answer: C. 120 Days

13. Which blood cell fights infection?

A. RBC
B. Platelet
C. WBC
D. Plasma

Answer: C. WBC

14. Blood clotting is mainly due to:

A. Plasma
B. RBC
C. Platelets
D. Lymph

Answer: C. Platelets

15. Universal donor is:

A. A+
B. B+
C. O−
D. AB+

Answer: C. O−

16. Universal recipient is:

A. A−
B. O−
C. AB+
D. B+

Answer: C. AB+

17. Human heart has:

A. 2 Chambers
B. 3 Chambers
C. 4 Chambers
D. 5 Chambers

Answer: C. 4 Chambers

18. The natural pacemaker of the heart is:

A. AV Node
B. SA Node
C. Bundle of His
D. Purkinje Fibres

Answer: B. SA Node

19. The largest artery is:

A. Pulmonary Artery
B. Aorta
C. Renal Artery
D. Femoral Artery

Answer: B. Aorta

20. Human beings have:

A. Open Circulation
B. Double Circulation
C. Single Circulation
D. No Circulation

Answer: B. Double Circulation

21. Exchange of gases occurs in:

A. Bronchi
B. Trachea
C. Alveoli
D. Nose

Answer: C. Alveoli

22. The right lung has:

A. 2 Lobes
B. 3 Lobes
C. 4 Lobes
D. 5 Lobes

Answer: B. 3 Lobes

23. The voice box is called:

A. Trachea
B. Bronchus
C. Larynx
D. Pharynx

Answer: C. Larynx

24. The windpipe is:

A. Larynx
B. Trachea
C. Bronchus
D. Pharynx

Answer: B. Trachea

25. Urine is stored in the:

A. Kidney
B. Ureter
C. Urinary Bladder
D. Urethra

Answer: C. Urinary Bladder

26. The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is:

A. Nephron
B. Neuron
C. Alveolus
D. Osteon

Answer: B. Neuron

27. Which part of the brain controls intelligence?

A. Cerebellum
B. Medulla
C. Cerebrum
D. Pons

Answer: C. Cerebrum

28. Body balance is maintained by:

A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla
D. Thalamus

Answer: B. Cerebellum

29. The Master Gland is:

A. Thyroid
B. Adrenal
C. Pituitary
D. Pancreas

Answer: C. Pituitary

30. Insulin is secreted by:

A. Liver
B. Thyroid
C. Pancreas
D. Kidney

Answer: C. Pancreas

31. Deficiency of insulin causes:

A. Goitre
B. Diabetes Mellitus
C. Anaemia
D. Asthma

Answer: B. Diabetes Mellitus

32. Thyroxine is secreted by:

A. Thyroid
B. Adrenal
C. Pancreas
D. Pituitary

Answer: A. Thyroid

33. Goitre is caused by deficiency of:

A. Iron
B. Calcium
C. Iodine
D. Vitamin D

Answer: C. Iodine

34. Which vitamin deficiency causes night blindness?

A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin K

Answer: A. Vitamin A

35. Scurvy is caused due to deficiency of:

A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin E

Answer: B. Vitamin C

36. Rickets is caused by deficiency of:

A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin E
D. Vitamin K

Answer: B. Vitamin D

37. Anaemia is mainly caused by deficiency of:

A. Calcium
B. Sodium
C. Iron
D. Potassium

Answer: C. Iron

38. Beriberi is caused due to deficiency of:

A. Vitamin B₁
B. Vitamin B₂
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D

Answer: A. Vitamin B₁

39. Pellagra is caused by deficiency of:

A. Vitamin B₁₂
B. Vitamin B₃
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin K

Answer: B. Vitamin B₃

40. Which vaccine protects against Tuberculosis?

A. OPV
B. BCG
C. DPT
D. MMR

Answer: B. BCG

41. OPV is used to prevent:

A. Measles
B. Polio
C. Rabies
D. Cholera

Answer: B. Polio

42. Malaria is caused by:

A. Virus
B. Bacteria
C. Protozoa
D. Fungus

Answer: C. Protozoa

43. Malaria is transmitted by:

A. Aedes Mosquito
B. Culex Mosquito
C. Female Anopheles Mosquito
D. Sandfly

Answer: C. Female Anopheles Mosquito

44. Dengue is spread by:

A. Housefly
B. Aedes Mosquito
C. Anopheles Mosquito
D. Culex Mosquito

Answer: B. Aedes Mosquito

45. Rabies is caused by:

A. Bacteria
B. Virus
C. Protozoa
D. Fungus

Answer: B. Virus

46. Who discovered the Smallpox vaccine?

A. Louis Pasteur
B. Edward Jenner
C. Alexander Fleming
D. Robert Koch

Answer: B. Edward Jenner

47. Penicillin was discovered by:

A. Robert Koch
B. Louis Pasteur
C. Alexander Fleming
D. Ronald Ross

Answer: C. Alexander Fleming

48. The causative organism of Tuberculosis is:

A. Virus
B. Protozoa
C. Bacteria
D. Fungus

Answer: C. Bacteria

49. Which organ is mainly affected by Tuberculosis?

A. Heart
B. Lung
C. Liver
D. Kidney

Answer: B. Lung

50. Which nutrient is known as the body-building nutrient?

A. Fat
B. Carbohydrate
C. Protein
D. Vitamin

Answer: C. Protein

BPSC PT Practice MCQs (51–100)

Multiple Choice Questions

51. Which nutrient is the main source of energy?
शरीर को ऊर्जा मुख्य रूप से किस पोषक तत्व से प्राप्त होती है?

A. Protein
B. Fat
C. Carbohydrate
D. Vitamin

Answer: C. Carbohydrate

52. Which vitamin helps in blood clotting?

A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin D

Answer: C. Vitamin K

53. Which mineral is essential for healthy bones and teeth?

A. Iron
B. Calcium
C. Sodium
D. Potassium

Answer: B. Calcium

54. Which gland stores bile juice?

A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Gall Bladder
D. Spleen

Answer: C. Gall Bladder

55. Which organ produces insulin?

A. Kidney
B. Pancreas
C. Liver
D. Thyroid

Answer: B. Pancreas

56. Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

A. Pulmonary Artery
B. Pulmonary Vein
C. Aorta
D. Vena Cava

Answer: B. Pulmonary Vein

57. Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall?

A. Right Atrium
B. Left Atrium
C. Right Ventricle
D. Left Ventricle

Answer: D. Left Ventricle

58. Which organ filters blood in the human body?

A. Liver
B. Kidney
C. Heart
D. Lung

Answer: B. Kidney

59. Which gas is carried by haemoglobin?

A. Nitrogen
B. Carbon Dioxide
C. Oxygen
D. Hydrogen

Answer: C. Oxygen

60. Which blood cells are called the soldiers of the body?

A. RBC
B. Platelets
C. WBC
D. Plasma

Answer: C. WBC

61. The largest endocrine gland is:

A. Pituitary
B. Thyroid
C. Pancreas
D. Adrenal

Answer: B. Thyroid

62. Which hormone is called the emergency hormone?

A. Thyroxine
B. Insulin
C. Adrenaline
D. Estrogen

Answer: C. Adrenaline

63. Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight?

A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B₁₂
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D

Answer: D. Vitamin D

64. Which disease is caused by Vitamin C deficiency?

A. Beriberi
B. Pellagra
C. Scurvy
D. Rickets

Answer: C. Scurvy

65. Which disease is caused by Vitamin A deficiency?

A. Night Blindness
B. Goitre
C. Anaemia
D. Diabetes

Answer: A. Night Blindness

66. Dengue is spread by which mosquito ?

A. Anopheles
B. Aedes
C. Culex
D. Sandfly

Answer: B. Aedes

67. Cholera is caused by:

A. Virus
B. Fungus
C. Bacteria
D. Protozoa

Answer: C. Bacteria

68. Typhoid is caused by:

A. Virus
B. Bacteria
C. Protozoa
D. Fungus

Answer: B. Bacteria

69. Which disease is caused by Protozoa?

A. Dengue
B. Cholera
C. Malaria
D. Tuberculosis

Answer: C. Malaria

70. Which scientist discovered the Rabies vaccine?

A. Edward Jenner
B. Ronald Ross
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Robert Koch

Answer: C. Louis Pasteur

Statement Based Questions

71. RBC transports oxygen.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A. True

72. Nephron is the functional unit of the lung.

A. True
B. False

Answer: B. False

73. Insulin regulates blood sugar level.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A. True

74. Pituitary gland is known as the Master Gland.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A. True

75. Digestion begins in the stomach.

A. True
B. False

Answer: B. False

Assertion and Reason Questions

76. Assertion (A): Liver is the largest gland of the human body.
Reason (R): Liver produces bile juice.

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
C. A is true, R is false.
D. A is false, R is true.

Answer: B

77. Assertion (A): Vitamin D deficiency causes Rickets.
Reason (R): Vitamin D helps in calcium absorption.

Answer: A

78. Assertion (A): Insulin deficiency causes Diabetes Mellitus.
Reason (R): Insulin regulates blood glucose level.

Answer: A

79. Assertion (A): Platelets help in blood clotting.
Reason (R): Platelets contain clotting factors.

Answer: A

80. Assertion (A): Cerebellum maintains body balance.
Reason (R): It coordinates muscular activities.

Answer: A

Match the Following

81. Match List I with List II

List I	List II
(a) Nephron	1. Kidney
(b) Alveoli	2. Lungs
(c) Neuron	3. Nervous System
(d) Hepatocyte	4. Liver

Answer: a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4

82. Match the Vitamins

Vitamin	Disease
A	Night Blindness
B₁	Beriberi
C	Scurvy
D	Rickets

83. Match the Hormones

Hormone	Gland
Insulin	Pancreas
Thyroxine	Thyroid
Adrenaline	Adrenal
Growth Hormone	Pituitary

84. Match the Diseases

Disease	Cause
Goitre	Iodine Deficiency
Anaemia	Iron Deficiency
Diabetes	Insulin Deficiency
Malaria	Protozoa

85. Match the Scientists

Scientist	Discovery
Edward Jenner	Smallpox Vaccine
Louis Pasteur	Rabies Vaccine
Alexander Fleming	Penicillin
Ronald Ross	Malaria Transmission

Expected Questions for BPSC PT

86. Which gland is called the Master Gland?

A. Thyroid
B. Pituitary
C. Pancreas
D. Adrenal

Answer: B

87. Which blood group is known as the universal recipient?

A. O−
B. AB+
C. A+
D. B−

Answer: B

88. Organ stores bile?

A. Liver
B. Gall Bladder
C. Pancreas
D. Kidney

Answer: B

89. Which disease is prevented by the BCG vaccine?

A. Polio
B. Measles
C. Tuberculosis
D. Cholera

Answer: C

90. Name the organ which is called the blood bank of the body?

A. Liver
B. Spleen
C. Heart
D. Kidney

Answer: B

91. Which vitamin is known as the Sunshine Vitamin?

A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin E

Answer: C

92. Which organ controls involuntary actions?

A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla Oblongata
D. Hypothalamus

Answer: C

93. Which disease is spread by Aedes mosquito?

A. Malaria
B. Dengue
C. Filariasis
D. Kala-azar

Answer: B

94. Which organ is responsible for gas exchange?

A. Trachea
B. Bronchi
C. Alveoli
D. Larynx

Answer: C

95. Which hormone regulates metabolism?

A. Insulin
B. Thyroxine
C. Adrenaline
D. Testosterone

Answer: B

96. Name the organ which produces bile juice?

A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Kidney
D. Stomach

Answer: A

97. Which gland secretes insulin?

A. Thyroid
B. Adrenal
C. Pancreas
D. Pituitary

Answer: C

98. Which disease is caused by iodine deficiency?

A. Anaemia
B. Goitre
C. Diabetes
D. Asthma

Answer: B

99. Which blood component carries oxygen?

A. Plasma
B. Platelets
C. RBC
D. WBC

Answer: C

100. The functional unit of the nervous system is:

A. Nephron
B. Neuron
C. Alveolus
D. Osteon

Answer: B

Previous Year Questions (PYQs) – BPSC & Bihar Competitive Exams

नोट: नीचे दिए गए प्रश्न BPSC, BSSC, Bihar Police, Bihar SI, BTSC, SSC, Railway एवं अन्य राज्य स्तरीय परीक्षाओं के पैटर्न पर आधारित हैं। इनमें कई प्रश्न पूर्व वर्षों में समान या मिलते-जुलते रूप में पूछे जा चुके हैं।

PYQ 1

The functional unit of the kidney is:
गुर्दे की क्रियात्मक इकाई है—

A. Neuron

B. Nephron

C. Alveolus

D. Osteon

Answer: B. Nephron

PYQ 2

Insulin is secreted by:
इंसुलिन का स्राव किस ग्रंथि द्वारा होता है?

A. Thyroid

B. Liver

C. Pancreas

D. Adrenal

Answer: C. Pancreas

PYQ 3

Which vitamin deficiency causes Night Blindness?

A. Vitamin A

B. Vitamin B

C. Vitamin C

D. Vitamin D

Answer: A

PYQ 4

The largest gland of the human body is:

A. Thyroid

B. Liver

C. Pancreas

D. Pituitary

Answer: B

PYQ 5

Which blood group is called Universal Donor?

A. O−

B. AB+

C. A+

D. B−

Answer: A

PYQ 6

Which mosquito spreads Malaria?

A. Aedes

B. Culex

C. Female Anopheles

D. Sandfly

Answer: C

PYQ 7

Goitre is caused due to deficiency of:

A. Iron

B. Calcium

C. Iodine

D. Zinc

Answer: C

PYQ 8

The Master Gland is:

A. Thyroid

B. Pituitary

C. Pancreas

D. Adrenal

Answer: B

PYQ 9

Which vitamin helps in blood clotting?

A. Vitamin A

B. Vitamin C

C. Vitamin K

D. Vitamin D

Answer: C

PYQ 10

Who discovered Penicillin?

A. Edward Jenner

B. Robert Koch

C. Alexander Fleming

D. Louis Pasteur

Answer: C

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

Question 1

A person is suffering from weakness, pale skin and low haemoglobin.

Which deficiency is most likely responsible?

A. Calcium

B. Iron

C. Vitamin C

D. Iodine

Answer: Iron

Question 2

A patient has high blood sugar despite consuming less sugar.

Which hormone is likely deficient?

A. Thyroxine

B. Insulin

C. Adrenaline

D. Growth Hormone

Answer: Insulin

Question 3

Why are villi present in the small intestine?

A. To store food

B. To increase surface area for absorption

C. To digest protein

D. To produce enzymes

Answer: B

Question 4

Why are alveoli present in large numbers?

A. Increase breathing rate

B. Increase gaseous exchange surface

C. Reduce oxygen intake

D. Increase blood pressure

Answer: B

Question 5

If platelets become very low, which problem is most likely?

A. High blood sugar

B. Blood clotting problem

C. Asthma

D. Kidney failure

Answer: B

Question 6

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A. It stores more blood.

B. It pumps blood to the entire body.

C. It receives oxygen.

D. It filters blood.

Answer: B

Question 7

Which body system will be directly affected if the nephron is damaged?

Answer: Excretory System

Question 8

Why is iodine added to common salt?

Answer: To prevent Goitre and maintain normal thyroid hormone production.

Question 9

Why does Vitamin D deficiency weaken bones?

Answer: Because Vitamin D helps absorb calcium from the intestine.

Question 10

A child has bowed legs and weak bones. Which vitamin deficiency is responsible?

Answer: Vitamin D (Rickets)

Expected Questions for Upcoming BPSC PT

Identify the hormone known as the emergency hormone.
Name the largest endocrine gland in the human body.
Vitamin synthesized in sunlight is known as?
Insulin deficiency leads to which disease?
Which blood cells are responsible for body immunity?
Name the enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth.
Bile juice is produced by which organ?
Identify the organ that stores bile juice.
The functional unit of the lungs is called _____.
Who developed the Smallpox vaccine?
Dengue is transmitted by which mosquito?
Which organ is popularly known as the blood bank of the body?
Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
Beriberi occurs due to the deficiency of which vitamin?
Which gland regulates the body’s metabolic rate?
Identify the part of the brain that controls involuntary activities.
Scurvy develops because of the deficiency of which vitamin?
Malaria is caused by which type of microorganism?
Which blood group is known as the universal recipient?
Name the largest internal organ of the human body.

Rapid Revision Table

Topic	Important Fact
Largest Organ	Skin
Largest Internal Organ	Liver
Largest Gland	Liver
Master Gland	Pituitary
Largest Endocrine Gland	Thyroid
Functional Unit of Kidney	Nephron
Functional Unit of Nervous System	Neuron
Functional Unit of Lung	Alveolus
Universal Donor	O Negative
Universal Recipient	AB Positive
Oxygen Carrier	RBC
Defence Cell	WBC
Blood Clotting	Platelets
Emergency Hormone	Adrenaline
Blood Sugar Hormone	Insulin
Protein Digestion Starts	Stomach
Maximum Digestion	Small Intestine
Maximum Absorption	Small Intestine
Digestion Begins	Mouth
Balance of Body	Cerebellum

Memory Tricks (Exam Booster)

Vitamins

A → Eyes → Night Blindness

B₁ → Beriberi

B₃ → Pellagra

C → Scurvy

D → Rickets

K → Clotting

Hormones

Pituitary → Master

Thyroid → Thyroxine

Pancreas → Insulin

Adrenal → Adrenaline

Mosquitoes

Female Anopheles → Malaria

Aedes → Dengue, Chikungunya

Culex → Filariasis

Sandfly → Kala-azar

Scientists

Edward Jenner → Smallpox Vaccine

Louis Pasteur → Rabies Vaccine

Alexander Fleming → Penicillin

Ronald Ross → Malaria

Robert Koch → Tuberculosis Bacterium

Last Minute BPSC Revision

Cell = Basic Unit
Neuron = Nervous System
Nephron = Kidney
Alveoli = Lungs
Liver = Largest Gland
Skin = Largest Organ
Heart = Four Chambers
Human = Double Circulation
Insulin ↓ = Diabetes
Iron ↓ = Anaemia
Iodine ↓ = Goitre
Vitamin A ↓ = Night Blindness
Scurvy = Vitamin C ↓
Vitamin D ↓ = Rickets
BCG = Tuberculosis
OPV = Polio
MMR = Measles, Mumps, Rubella

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Why is Human Body, Nutrition & Diseases important for BPSC PT?

English: This topic is one of the most important sections of Biology for BPSC PT. Every year, questions are asked from the human body, vitamins, hormones, diseases, blood, and nutrition.

हिंदी: मानव शरीर, पोषण एवं रोग BPSC PT के जीवविज्ञान भाग का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण विषय है। लगभग हर वर्ष मानव शरीर, विटामिन, हार्मोन, रक्त, रोग तथा पोषण से प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं।

2. Which organ is the largest in the human body?

Answer: Skin (त्वचा)

3. Which is the largest internal organ?

Answer: Liver (यकृत)

4. Which gland is known as the Master Gland?

Answer: Pituitary Gland (पीयूष ग्रंथि)

5. What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer: Nephron (नेफ्रॉन)

6. Which blood cells carry oxygen?

Answer: Red Blood Cells (RBC)

7. Which blood cells protect the body from diseases?

Answer: White Blood Cells (WBC)

8. Which vitamin deficiency causes Night Blindness?

Answer: Vitamin A

9. Which vitamin deficiency causes Rickets?

Answer: Vitamin D

10. Which vitamin deficiency causes Scurvy?

Answer: Vitamin C

11. Which mineral deficiency causes Goitre?

Answer: Iodine

12. Which hormone regulates blood sugar?

Answer: Insulin

13. Which mosquito spreads Malaria?

Answer: Female Anopheles Mosquito

14. Which mosquito spreads Dengue?

Answer: Aedes Mosquito

15. Which vaccine prevents Tuberculosis?

Answer: BCG Vaccine

16. Which organ produces bile?

Answer: Liver

17. Where is bile stored?

Answer: Gall Bladder

18. Which organ is responsible for gas exchange?

Answer: Alveoli of the lungs

19. Which organ controls involuntary activities?

Answer: Medulla Oblongata

20. What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

Answer: Neuron

Final Revision Sheet (One-Minute Revision)

Human Body

Basic Unit → Cell
Largest Organ → Skin
Liver is the Largest Internal Organ
Largest Gland → Liver
Hardest Substance → Tooth Enamel
Longest Bone → Femur
Smallest Bone → Stapes

Digestive System

Digestion Begins → Mouth
Protein Digestion → Stomach
Maximum Digestion → Small Intestine
Maximum Absorption → Small Intestine
Bile Produced By → Liver
Bile Stored In → Gall Bladder

Blood

RBC → Oxygen Transport
WBC → Immunity
Platelets → Blood Clotting
Universal Donor → O Negative
Universal Recipient → AB Positive

Heart

Four Chambers
Double Circulation
Natural Pacemaker → SA Node

Respiratory System

Gas Exchange → Alveoli
Voice Box → Larynx
Windpipe → Trachea

Excretory System

Functional Unit → Nephron
Artificial Blood Purification → Dialysis

Nervous System

Functional Unit → Neuron
Largest Brain Part → Cerebrum
Balance → Cerebellum
Involuntary Actions → Medulla Oblongata

Endocrine System

Master Gland → Pituitary
Largest Endocrine Gland → Thyroid
Blood Sugar Hormone → Insulin
Emergency Hormone → Adrenaline

Vitamins

Vitamin	Deficiency Disease
A	Night Blindness
B₁	Beriberi
B₃	Pellagra
C	Scurvy
D	Rickets
K	Delayed Blood Clotting

Important Diseases

Anaemia → Iron Deficiency
Goitre → Iodine Deficiency
Diabetes Mellitus → Insulin Deficiency
Tuberculosis → Bacteria
Malaria → Protozoa
Dengue → Virus

BPSC PT Preparation Tips

Read NCERT Biology fundamentals thoroughly.
Revise vitamins, hormones, glands, and diseases regularly.
Practice MCQs daily to improve speed and accuracy.
Focus on previous year question patterns.
Revise one-liners before the examination.
Prepare scientific names and important discoveries.

English Conclusion

Human Body, Nutrition & Diseases is one of the highest-scoring topics in Biology for BPSC PT. A clear understanding of body systems, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, blood, immunity, and diseases helps candidates solve both direct and concept-based questions. Regular revision of key facts, scientific terms, and previous year questions will significantly improve exam performance.

हिंदी निष्कर्ष

मानव शरीर, पोषण एवं रोग BPSC PT के जीवविज्ञान का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण एवं अधिक अंक दिलाने वाला विषय है। यदि अभ्यर्थी शरीर के विभिन्न तंत्रों, विटामिन, हार्मोन, रक्त, प्रतिरक्षा तथा प्रमुख रोगों की मूल अवधारणाओं को अच्छी तरह समझ लेते हैं और नियमित रूप से MCQs तथा PYQs का अभ्यास करते हैं, तो इस विषय से आने वाले अधिकांश प्रश्न आसानी से हल किए जा सकते हैं।

लगातार पुनरावृत्ति (Revision), वैज्ञानिक तथ्यों का अभ्यास तथा NCERT आधारित अध्ययन सफलता की कुंजी है। इस अध्याय के बाद Genetics (Science Series – Part 28) का अध्ययन करना आपकी Biology की तैयारी को और अधिक मजबूत करेगा।

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